Dr. James A. Edmonds is an economist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory* in Washington, D.C. He has carried out research on climate change since 1978 and has served as a lead author in each of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. E-mail: jae@pnl.gov

* The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. The views and opinions expressed here do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof in Washington, D.C.