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Global Climate Change Digest
A Guide to Information on Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion
Published July 1988 through June 1999

FROM VOLUME 6, NUMBER 12, DECEMBER 1993

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS...
EMISSION REDUCTION ANALYSES

Item #d93dec16

"CO₂ Mitigation: Measures and Options," N. Nakicenovic (IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria), Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(10), 1986-1989, Oct. 1993.

Describes analyses conducted at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis using the CO₂DB database, which permits comparison of technological and economic options using the approach of energy end-use accounting.

Item #d93dec17

"Limiting CO₂ Emissions in the Power Sector of India: Supply Curves for Wind and Small Hydro," J. Hossain (Tata Energy Res. Inst., 9 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110 003, India), C.S. Sinha, Energy Policy, 21(10), 1025-1034, Oct. 1993.

The comparison constructs both the absolute and incremental supply cost curves for CO₂ offset. Windfarms offer much higher potential to reduce emissions, but the costs are estimated to be higher than for small hydro.

Item #d93dec18

Three items from World Resour. Rev., 5(3), Sep. 1993:

"Estimating the Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Agricultural Policy Reform," W.N. Adger (Ctr. Social & Econ. Res.--Global Environ., Univ. E. Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK), D.C. Moran, 303-323. Estimates of methane emissions from livestock in the U.K. show that much of the cost of reducing agricultural supports would be offset by the benefit of reduced emissions of this greenhouse gas.

"Energy Losses and Carbon Emissions Due to Windows in the Residential Sector," K. Frost (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Bldg. 90-3111, Berkeley CA 94720) D. Arasteh, J. Eto, 351-359. Window data combined with energy simulation models show that existing residential windows account for 4% of U.S. CO₂ emissions. This could either remain constant or drop up to 25% by the year 2012, depending on the blend of window technologies sold.

"The Costs of Different Energy Taxes for Stabilizing U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions: An Application of the Gemini Model," N.A. Leary (Clim. Change Div., Off. Policy, US EPA, 401 M St. SW, Washington DC 20460), J.D. Scheraga, 372-386. Compares carbon, Btu and ad valorem taxes using a partial equilibrium model of U.S. energy markets that combines detailed representation of technological processes with optimizing behavior by energy users and suppliers.

Item #d93dec19

Two items from Energy Policy, 21(7), July 1993:

"A CO₂ Agreement Proposal with Flexible Quotas," H. Welsch (Inst. Energy Econ., Univ. Cologne, A. Magnus Pl., D-5000 Köln 41, Ger.), 748-756. Proposes a CO₂ agreement that encourages broad participation by offering less developed countries the opportunity to improve their economic position. A penalty/premium mechanism provides flexibility and attains global abatement at minimum cost.

Discussion on a methodology for comparing options for greenhouse gas abatement in the U.K., 722-725.

Item #d93dec20

"Environmental Impact of European Papermaking: A Comparison of Primary and Recycled Fiber Scenarios," K. Ebeling (Finnish Pulp & Paper Res. Inst., SF-00101 Helsinki 10, Finland), O. Airanne et al., Paper and Timber (Paperi Ja Puu), 75(1-2), 50-53, 1993. In English.

Mathematical simulations indicate that making paper from primary fiber produced by well-managed forests is environmentally preferable to making it from recycled paper, provided waste paper is used as a biofuel. The advantage will increase as efforts to combat global warming increase.

Item #d93dec21

"Conserved Energy Supply Curves for U.S. Buildings," A. Rosenfeld (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Berkeley CA 94720), C. Atkinson et al., Contemp. Policy Issues, XI(1), 45-68, Jan. 1993.

Comparison of nine conservation supply curves for electricity shows that fully implementing a series of efficiency measures would save 10% of U.S CO₂ emissions. Further savings are available from fuel efficiency measures and fuel switching.

Item #d93dec22

Three items from Intl. J. Energy, Environ., Econ., 2(2), 1992:

"Energy Use in Dwellings and Carbon Dioxide Emissions," G. Henderson (Dept. Environ., Bldg. Res. Sta., Garston, Watford WD2 7JR, UK), L.D. Shorrock, 15-21. Application of an energy use model shows that U.K. CO₂ emissions from housing could be reduced 25-35% through improved insulation and appliance efficiencies.

"Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emission from Energy Systems," S. Ihara (Nippon Inst. Technol., Minami-Saitama, Saitama, Japan), S. Koyama, 85-97. Applies the MARKAL model to explore energy options and costs in Japan. Energy conservation yields CO₂ reductions under a variety of conditions; constraints on national emissions cause major shifts in the market shares of fossil and non-fossil fuels.

"Estimating the Marginal Cost of Reducing Global Fossil Fuel CO₂ Emissions," J. Edmonds (Pacific Northwest Lab., Washington DC 20024), D.W. Barns, S. McDonald, 99-116. Analyzes the costs and effectiveness of carbon taxes applied by OECD members alone or as part of a global cooperative strategy, and implications for employment on the U.S. coal industry.