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Global Climate Change Digest
A Guide to Information on Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion
Published July 1988 through June 1999

FROM VOLUME 8, NUMBER 4, APRIL 1995

REPORTS...
MITIGATION POLICY

Item #d95apr117

Motor Vehicle Pollution-Reduction Strategies Beyond 2010, 134 pp., 1995 $29/DM47/FF155. From OECD.

Examines the impact that stricter, more comprehensive controls could have on emissions over the next 30-40 years, including the crucial importance of preventive approaches.

Item #d95apr118

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Australian Agriculture, Apr. 1994, A$18, plus postage. From ABARE.

Used a disaggregated mathematical programming model of broadacre agriculture, based on farm-level data, to simulate the impact of policies on various states and regions. Estimated the effects of an emissions tax on farm income, and other factors.

Item #d95apr119

A Tradable Emissions Permit Scheme, Mar. 1993, A$16. From ABARE.

Examines how emission reductions could be distributed among countries to minimize costs, what the costs might be, how to determine the price of an emission permit for a given target, and how to initially allocate permits to induce countries to participate.

Item #d95apr120

Energy and Climate Policies: Europe, 1994, $147/$157 outside N. Amer. Order from Cutter Info. Corp., 37 Broadway, Arlington MA 02174 (tel: 800 888 1816 or 617 641 5125; fax: 617 648 1950).

Draws on material that appeared in several Cutter news periodicals to assess every aspect of the evolving European energy and climate policies.

Item #d95apr121

Three reports from CSERGE. Each costs $9/£5.

International Justice and Environmental Policy: Tradeable Permits for Carbon Emissions, J. Pasek, W. Beckerman, 1994.

A Cost Benefit Analysis of Slowing Climate Change, D. Maddison, 1994.

The United Kingdom and Global Warming Policy, D. Maddison, D. Pearce, 1994.

Item #d95apr122

Economic Impact of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australia: A Survey of Recent Studies, Dec. 1994, US$6. Contact Australian Bur. Industry Econ. Pubs., GPO Box 9839, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (fax: 61 6 276 2484).

Estimates that the cost to the domestic economy of meeting the emission reduction goal (82 million metric tons) would be at least 0.4-1.6% of the annual real GDP. Some studies have proposed a unilateral carbon tax, which would primarily affect fossil-fuel-producing and electricity-generating industries, and minerals and metals processing.

Item #d95apr123

The Potential Benefits and Detriments Associated with Large-Scale Deployment of Genetically Engineered Woody Biomass Crops (EPRI TR-104896), 1995. From EPRI.

Summarizes the issues associated with this topic. The report was reviewed by numerous geneticists, environmentalists, regulators, ethicists and others, and subsequently by workshop participants who focused on identifying and addressing risks. A systematic, interdisciplinary approach is needed.

Item #d95apr124

With CO₂ Restrictions Is Energy Saved Energy Spared? Dec. 1994. Summary of a study in the Dec. 1994 issue of IEA's ESTAP News (pp. 1-2). Contact Tom Kram, ECN Policy Studies, Neth. Energy Res. Foundation, POB 1, 1755 ZG Petten, Neth. (tel: 31 2246 4347; fax: 31 2246 3338).

Comparing MARKAL-MACRO with MARCAL results, found that the "conservation rebound" is relatively small, but would be magnified under CO₂ emission restrictions.

Item #d95apr125

Putting It Together: Three Diverse Scenarios for CO₂ Reduction in Europe, Dec. 1994. Workshop results summarized in the Dec. 1994 ETSAP News, pp. 3-5 (see preceding entry).

The April 1994 workshop updated the evaluations of CO₂ emission reduction technologies, and also evaluated these technologies' merits in three scenarios. Numerous prospective energy technologies were classified as competitive, synergetic or indifferent to mainstream technologies (renewables, nuclear, and fossil plus CO₂ removal) for long term, extensive reductions in CO₂ emissions. Judging by their substantial contribution to all three scenarios, the robust technologies are biomass, electricity and other energy savings, heat pumps, hydrogen energy, and materials recycling and substitution.

Item #d95apr126

Economic Impacts of Carbon Taxes: Overview (EPRI TR-104430-V1), 178 pp. Economic. . .Detailed Results (EPRI TR-104430-V2), 466 pp. Both published Nov. 1994; each costs $200 (EPRI U.S. nonmembers)/$1000 (nonmembers elsewhere). From EPRI.

Examined the impact of three levels of taxes ($50, $100 and $200 per metric ton of carbon by 2010) on a baseline projection for the U.S. economy and its energy markets. Taxes at $100 and $200 would be required to hold emissions to 1990 levels through 2010, with accompanying falls in real GDP.

Item #d95apr127

Workbook for Screening Greenhouse Gas Reduction Options, Dec. 1994, $100 (EPRI nonmembers). Available from Sci. & Technol. Mgmt. (Attn. Jill Staehler), 2511 N. 124th St., S. 205, Brookfield WI 53005 (tel: 414 785 5940; fax: 414 785 5950).

Will help energy planners and environmental specialists identify and evaluate greenhouse gas reduction, sequestration and mitigation options at the corporate level.

Item #d95apr128

Strategy to Manage Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Feb. 1995. Contact Barton Sala, Ontario Hydro, 700 University Ave., 19th Fl., Toronto ON M5G 1X6, Can. (tel: 416 592 3338; fax: 416 592 2178).

Describes the approach adopted on Feb. 15 that this provincial utility will use to reduce the rate of emissions of greenhouse gases per unit of useful energy supplied by 5% of 1990 levels in the year 2000. Actions include improving supply-side and end-use energy efficiency, developing renewable energy sources, developing offset projects, and exploring market approaches including emissions trading.

Item #d95apr129

Transport and the Environment, Roy. Comm. Environ. Pollut., Oct. 1994, $43/£25.6. From HMSO.

This independent U.K. advisory body has made more than 100 recommendations for a transport policy that would curb traffic and cut CO₂ emissions from the transport sector by 20% over the next 25 years. Fuel efficiency of new cars should be improved by 40%; excise taxes should be lowered on fuel efficient cars and raised on less efficient vehicles.

Item #d95apr130

The Climate Resolution: A Guide to Local Authority Action to Take the Heat Off the Planet, 100 pp., 1994, $18 (summary report available at no charge). Contact Friends of the Earth-U.K., 26-28 Underwood St., London N1 7JQ, U.K. (tel: 44 71 490 1555; fax: 44 71 490 0881).

Urges local authorities to reduce CO₂ emissions by 30% by 2005.

Item #d95apr131

Carbon Dioxide Reduction Options for Ontario: A Discussion Paper, 1994. Contact CIELAP (Canadian Inst. for Environ. Law & Policy), 517 College St., S. 400, Toronto ON M6G 4A2, Can. (tel: 416 923 3529; fax: 416 923 5949).

Prepared after surveying business and political leaders' support for measures to reduce CO₂ emissions. This report is the first step of a proposed multi-stakeholder collaborative process, sponsored by CIELAP.

Item #d95apr132

Combating Global Warming: Possible Rules, Regulations and Administrative Arrangements for a Global Market in CO₂ Emission Entitlements and Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Tradeable Permit System, both Jan. 1995. Available at no charge from Frank Joshua, UNCTAD (U.N. Conf. on Trade & Develop.), Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switz. (tel: 41 22 907 5835; fax: 41 22 907 0045).

The first report outlines operation of a trading system; the second synthesizes the ideas, findings and conclusions of two years of studies. For example, emissions trading among the US, the EU and Japan would require stabilizing emissions at 1990 levels by 2000, with permits issued at current levels of emissions. As these countries reduce emissions, they could sell accumulated credits to other countries.