Aguado, E. et al., 1992: Changes in the timing of runoff from West Coast streams and their relationships to climatic influences. Swiss Climate Abstracts, special issue, International Conference on Mountain Environments in Changing Climates, p. 15.
Allen, B., H. Brookfield, and Y. Byron (eds.), 1989: Frost and drought in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Mountain Research and Development, 9, 199-334.
Andressen, R. and R. Ponte, 1973: Estudio Integral de las Cuencas de los Rios Chama y Capaz—n. Sub-proyecto II: Climatologia e Hidrologia. Universidad de Los Andes, MŽrida, Venezuela, 135 pp.
Aulitzky, H., H. Turner, and H. Mayer, 1982: Bioklimatische Grundlagen einer standortgemŠssen Bewirtschaftung des subalpinen LŠrchenÐArvenwaldes. Eidgenšssische Anstalt fŸr forstliches Versuchswesen Mitteilungen, 58, 325-580.
Az—car, A. and M. Monasterio, 1980: Caracterizaci—n ecol—gica del clima en el P‡ramo de Mucubaji. In: Estudios Ecologicos en los P‡ramos Andinos [Monasterio, M. (ed.)]. Ediciones de la Universidad de Los Andes, MŽrida, Venezuela, pp. 207-223.
Bach, W., 1987: AppendixÑprimary data on climatological change based on models. In: Impact of Climatic Change and CO2 Enrichment on Exogenic Processes and Biosphere: General, European Workshop on Interrelated Bioclimatic and Land Use Changes, Noordwijkerhout, vol. C. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 52-61.
Balteanu, D. et al., 1987: Impact analysis of climatic change in the central European mountain ranges. In: European Workshop on Interrelated Bioclimatic and Land Use Changes, Noordwijkerhout, vol. G. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 73-84.
Baron, J.S., D.S. Ojima, E.A. Holland, and W.J. Parton, 1994: Analysis of nitrogen saturation in Rocky Mountain tundra and forests: implications for aquatic systems. Biogeochemistry (in press).
Barry, R.G., 1990: Changes in mountain climate and glacio-hydrological responses. Mountain Research and Development, 10, 161-170.
Barry, R.G., 1992a: Mountain Weather and Climate. Routledge Publishing Company, London, UK, 2nd ed., 392 pp.
Barry, R.G., 1992b: Climate change in the mountains. In: The State of the WorldÕs Mountains: A Global Report [Stone, P.B. (ed.)]. Zed Books Ltd., London, UK, pp. 359-380.
Barry, R.G., 1992c: Mountain climatology and past and potential future climatic changes in mountain regions: a review. Mountain Research and Development, 12, 71-86.
Barry, R.G., 1994: Past and potential future changes in mountain environments. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 3-33.
Barry, R.G. and C.C. Van Wie, 1974: Topo- and microclimatology in alpine areas. In: Arctic and Alpine Environment. Methuen, London, UK, pp. 73-83.
Baumgartner, M.F. and G. Apfl, 1994: Monitoring snow cover variations in the Alps using the Alpine Snow Cover Analysis System (ASCAS). In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 108-120.
Beniston, M., 1993: PrŽvisions climatiques pour les Alpes: une revue des techniques de rŽgionalisation. La MŽtŽorologie, 45, 38-44.
Beniston, M., (ed.), 1994: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, 492 pp.
Beniston, M., M. Rebetez, F. Giorgi, and M.R. Marinucci, 1994: An analysis of regional climate change in Switzerland. Theor. and Appl. Clim., 49, 135-159.
Beniston, M., A. Ohmura, M. Rotach, P. Tschuck, M. Wild, and M.R. Marinucci, 1995: Simulation of Climate Trends over the Alpine Region: Development of a Physically-Based Modeling System for Application to Regional Studies of Current and Future Climate. Final Scientific Report No. 4031-33250 to the Swiss National Science Foundation, Bern, Switzerland, 200 pp.
Bjerrum, L. and F. Jfrstad, 1968: Stability of rock slopes in Norway. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Publication, 79, 1-11.
Bonnard, C., 1994: Los deslizamientos de tierra: fenomeni natural o fenomeno inducido por el hombre? In: First Panamerican Symposium on Landslides, Guayaquil, Ecuador, vol. 2.
Bortenschlager, S., 1993: Das hšchst gelegene Moor der Ostalpen "Moor am Rofenberg" 2760 m. Festschrift Zoller, Diss. Bot., 196, 329-334.
Bowman, W.D., T.A. Theodose, J.C. Schardt, and R.T. Conant, 1993: Constraints of nutrient availability on primary production in two alpine tundra communities. Ecology, 74, 2085-2097.
Bradley, R.S. and P.D. Jones, 1992: Climate Since AD 1500. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, 692 pp.
Bravo, R.E. et al., 1988: The effects of climatic variations on agriculture in the Central Sierra of Ecuador. In: The Impact of Climate Variations on Agriculture. Vol. 2, Assessments in Semi-Arid Regions [Parry, M.L., T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 381-493.
Breiling, M. and P. Charamza, 1994: Localizing the threats due to climate change in mountain environments. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 341-365.
Broggi, M.F. and G. Willi, 1989: Beschneiungsanlagen im Widerstreit der Interessen. CIPRA Publication, Vaduz, Liechtenstein, 75 pp.
Brown, L.H., 1981: The conservation of forest islands in areas of high human density. African Journal of Ecology, 19, 27-32.
Brun, E., P. David, M. Sudul, and G. Brunot, 1992: A numerical model to simulate snow cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche foecasting. J. Glaciol., 35, 13-22.
Bucher, A. and J. Dessens, 1991: Secular trend of surface temperature at an elevated observatory in the Pyrenees. J. Climate, 4, 859-868.
Bugmann, H., 1994: On the Ecology of Mountain Forests in a Changing Climate: A Simulation Study. Ph.D. Thesis No. 10638, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), ZŸrich, Switzerland, 268 pp.
Bugmann, H. and A. Fischlin, 1994: Comparing the behaviour of mountainous forest succession models in a changing climate. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 204-219.
Bultot, F., 1992: Repercussions of a CO2 doubling on the water balanceÑa case study in Switzerland. Journal of Hydrology, 137, 199-208.
Bultot, F., D. Gellens, B. SchŠdler, and M. Spreafico, 1992: Impact of climatic change, induced by the doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, on snow cover characteristicsÑcase of the Broye drainage basin in Switzerland. Swiss Climate Abstracts, special issue, International Conference on Mountain Environments in Changing Climates, p. 19.
Burrows, C.J., 1990: Processes of Vegetation Change. Unwin Hyman Publishing, London, UK, 551 pp.
Busby, J.R., 1988: Potential implications of climate change on AustraliaÕs flora and fauna. In: Greenhouse Planning for Climate Change [Pearman, G.I. (ed.)]. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 387-398.
Callaghan, T.V. and S. Jonasson, 1994: Implications from environmental manipulation experiments for arctic plant biodiversity changes. In: Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences [Chapin, F.S. and C. Kšrner (eds.)]. Springer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
Carter, T.R. and M.F. Parry, 1994: Evaluating the effects of climatic change on marginal agriculture in upland areas. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 405-421.
Chalise, S.R., 1994: Mountain environments and climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 382-404.
Chapin, F.S. and Ch. Kšrner, 1994: Arctic and alpine biodiversity: patterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. TREE, 9, 39-78.
Chapin, F.S. and G.R. Shaver, 1985: Individualistic growth response of tundra plant species to environmental manipulations in the field. Ecology, 66, 564-576.
Chen, J.Y. and A. Ohmura, 1990: On the influence of alpine glaciers on runoff. In: Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. I. Hydrological Measurements. The Water Cycle [Lang, H. and A. Musy (eds.)]. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK, pp. 127-135.
Coetzee, J.A., 1967: Pollen analytical studies in East and Southern Africa. In: Paleoecology of Africa, vol. 3. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town, South Africa, 146 pp.
Collins, D.N., 1989: Hydrometeorological conditions, mass balance and runoff from alpine glaciers. In: Glacier Fluctuations and Climate Change [Oerlemans, J. (ed.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 305-323.
Costin, A.B., 1967: Alpine ecosystems of the Australasian region. In: Arctic and Alpine Environments [Wright, H.E. and W.H. Osburn (eds.)]. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, pp. 55-87.
David, F., 1993: Altitudinal variation in the response of vegetation to late-glacial climatic events in the northern French Alps. New Phytol., 125, 203-220.
Davis, M.B., 1981: Quartenary history and the stability of forest communities. In: Forest Succession [West, D.C., H.H. Shugart, and D.B. Botkin (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Davis, M.B., 1986: Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium. In: Community Ecology [Diamond, J. and T.J. Case (eds.)]. Harper and Row, New York, NY, pp. 269-284.
Davis, M.B., 1989: Insights from paleoecology on global change. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 70, 222-228.
Decurtins, H., 1992: Hydrogeographical Investigations in the Mount Kenya Subcatchment of the Ewaso NgÕiro River. The Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 23 pp.
Dickinson, R.E., R.M. Errico, F. Giorgi, and G.T. Bates, 1989: A regional climate model for the western United States. Climatic Change, 15, 383-422.
Downing, T.E., 1992: Climate Change and Vulnerable Places: Global Food Security and Country Studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal, and Chile. Environmental Change Unit, Oxford, UK.
Dix, R.L., and J.D. Richards, 1976: Possible changes in species structure of the subalpine forest induced by increased snowpack. In: Ecological Effects of Snowpack Augmentation in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado [Steinhoff, H.W. and J.D. Ives (eds.)]. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, pp. 311-322.
Downton, M.W., T.R. Stewart, and K.A. Miller, 1988: Estimating historical heating and cooling needs: per capita degree days. J. Appl. Meteorol., 27, 84-90.
Earle, C.J., L.B. Brubaker, A.V. Lozkin, and P.M. Anderson, 1994: Summer temperature since 1600 for the Upper Koluma Region, Northeastern Russia, reconstructed from tree rings. Arct. Alp. Res., 26, 60-65.
Emanuel, W.R., H.H. Shugart, and M.P. Stevenson, 1985: Climatic change and the broadscale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change, 7, 29-43.
Estrada, C. and M. Monasterio, 1988: Ecologia poblacional de una roseta gigante, Espeletia spicata SCH. BIP (Compositae), del paramo desertico. Ecotropicos, 1, 25-39.
Eybergen, J. and F. Imeson, 1989: Geomorphological processes and climate change. Catena, 16, 307Ð319.
FAO/UNESCO/OMM, 1975: Estudio Agroclimatologico de la Zona Andina. FAO Press, Rome, Italy.
Flenley, J.R., 1979: The late quaternary vegetational history of the equatorial mountains. Progress in Physical Geography, 3, 488-509.
Fliri, F., 1975: Das Klima der Alpen im Raume von Tirol. UniversitŠtsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck, MŸnchen, 112 pp.
Fšhn, P., 1991: Les hivers de demain seront-ils blancs comme neige ou vert comme les prŽs? WSL/FNP (Žd.), Argument de la Recherche, 3, 3-12.
Franklin, J.F., F.F. Swanson, M.E. Harmon, D.A. Perry, T.A. Spies, V.H. Dale, A. McKee, W.K. Ferrell, J.E. Means, S.V. Gregory, J.D. Lattin, T.D. Schowalter, and D. Larsen, 1991: Effects of global climate change on forests in Northwestern North America. Northwest Environ. J., 7, 233-257.
Franklin, J.F. and C.T. Dyrness, 1973: Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8, Portland, OR.
Galloway, R.W., 1988: The potential impact of climate changes on Australian ski fields. In: Greenhouse Planning for Climate Change [Pearman, G.I. (ed.)]. CSIRO, Aspendale, Australia, pp. 428-437.
Galloway, R.W., 1989: Glacial and periglacial features of the Australian alps. In: The Scientific Significance of the Australian Alps [Good, R. (ed.)]. Australian Alps Liaison Committee/Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia, pp. 55-67.
Gao, S., Y. Ding, and Z. Zhao, 1993: The possible greenhouse impact of atmospheric CO2 content increasing on the agricultural production in future in China. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 17, 584-591.
Garr, C.E. and B.B. Fitzharris, 1994: Sensitivity of mountain runoff and hydro-electricity to changing climate. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 366-381.
Gates, D.M., 1990: Climate change and forests. Tree Physiology, 7, 1-23.
Gauslaa, Y., 1984: Heat resistance and energy budget in different Scandinavian plants. Holarct. Ecol., 7, 1-78.
Gear, A.J. and B. Huntley, 1991: Rapid changes in the range limits of Scots Pine 4,000 years ago. Science, 251, 544-547.
Geiger, R., 1965: The Climate Near the Ground. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 277 pp.
Giorgi, F., 1990: On the simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. J. Clim., 3, 941-963
Giorgi, F. and L.O. Mearns, 1991: Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change: a review. Rev. Geophysics, 29, 191-216.
Giorgi, F., M.R. Marinucci, and G. Visconti, 1990: Use of a limited area model nested in a general circulation model for regional climate simulations over Europe. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,413-431.
Giorgi, F., M.R. Marinucci, and G. Visconti, 1992: A 2 x CO2 climate change scenario over Europe generated using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. II. Climate change. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,011Ð28.
Glantz, M.H. (ed.), 1988: Societal Responses to Regional Climatic Change. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Gleick, P.H., 1986: Methods for evaluating the regional hydrologic impacts of global climatic changes. J. Hydrology, 88, 97-116.
Gleick, P.H., 1987a: Regional hydrologic consequences of increases in atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. Climatic Change, 10, 137-161.
Gleick, P.H., 1987b: The development and testing of a water balance model for climate impact assessment: modelling the Sacramento Basin. Water Resources Research, 23, 1049-1061.
Goliber, T.J., 1985: Sub-saharan Africa: population pressures and development. Population Bulletin, 40, 1-47.
Golodkovskaya, N.A., 1988: Glacial mudflows on the Central Caucasus: the activity in the last millennium. Data of Glaciological Studies, 62, 71-78
Government of Tanzania, 1979: Report of Population Census 1978. Bureau of Statistics, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, 185 pp.
Govi, M., 1990: ConfŽrence spŽciale: mouvements de masse rŽcents et anciens dans les Alpes italiennes. Proc. Fifth Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, 3, 1509Ð1514.
Grabherr, G. and M. Gottfried, 1992: Global change and terrestrial ecosystems (GCTE): effects of global warming on high alpine vegetation and flora. Austrian Contributions to the IGBP, 1, Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, 24-26.
Grabherr, G., E. Mahr, and H. Reisigl, 1978: NettoprimŠrproduktion in einem Krummseggenrasen (Caricetum curvulae) der …tztaler Alpen. Tirol. Oecol. Plant., 13, 227-251.
Grabherr, G., M. Gottfried, and H. Pauli, 1994: Climate effects on mountain plants. Nature, 369, 448.
Graetz, R.D, 1991: The nature and significance of the feedback of changes in terrestrial vegetation on global atmospheric and climatic change. Climatic Change, 18, 147-160.
Graumlich, L.J., 1993: A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quat. Res., 39, 249-255.
Graumlich, L.J., 1994: Long-term vegetation change in mountain environments: paleoecological insights into modern vegetation dynamics. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 167-179.
Graumlich, L.J. and L.B. Brubaker, 1994: Long-term records of growth and distribution of conifers: implications for ecophysiology. In: Physiological Ecology of North American Forests [Smith, W. and T. Hinckley (eds.)]. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Grosswald, M.G., and V.N. Orlyankinm, 1979: The Late Pleistocene Pamirs ice sheet. Data of Glaciological Studies, 35, 85-97.
Grštzbach, E.F., 1988: High mountains as human habitat. In: Human Impact on Mountains [Allan, N.J.R., G.W. Knapp, and C. Stadel (eds.)]. Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, pp. 24-35.
Guhl, E., 1968: Los p‡ramos circundantes de la sabana de Bogot‡. Su ecologia y su importancia para el rŽgimen hidrologico de la misma. In: Geoecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas [Troll, C. (ed.)]. Ferd. DŸmmlers Verlag, Bonn, Germany, pp. 195-212.
Guisan, A., J. Holten, R. Spichiger, and L. Tessier (eds.), 1995: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems in the Alps and Fennoscandian Mountains. Annex Report to the IPCC Working Group II Second Assessment Report. Publication Series of the Geneva Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Gvosdetskii, N.A. and Yu.N. Golubtchikov, 1987: The Mountains. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, 400 pp.
Gyalistras, D., H. von Storch, A. Fischlin, and M. Beniston, 1994: Linking GCM-simulated climatic changes to ecosystem models: case studies of statistical downscaling in the Alps. Clim. Res., 4, 167-189.
Haeberli, W., 1990: Glacier and permafrost signals of 20th-century warming. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 99-101.
Haeberli, W., 1994: Accelerated glacier and permafrost changes in the Alps. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 91-107.
Haeberli, W., P. Muller, J. Alean, and H. Bšsch, 1990: Glacier changes following the Little Ice Age. A survey of the international data base and its perspectives. In: Glacier Fluctuations and Climate [Oerlemans, J. (ed.)]. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 77-101.
Halpin, P.N., 1994: Latitudinal variation in montane ecosystem response to potential climatic change. In: Mountain Ecosystems in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 180-203.
Halpin, P.N., 1995: Global change and natural area protection: management responses and research directions. Ecol. Appl. (in press).
Hamilton, A.C., 1993: History of forests and climate. In: Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests, Africa. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC.
Hansen-Bristow, K.J., J.D. Ives, and J.P. Wilson, 1988: Climatic variability and tree response within the forest-alpine tundra ecotone. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78, 505-519.
Hastenrath, S. and R. Rostom, 1990: Variations of the Lewis and Gregory Glaciers, Mount Kenya, 1978-86-90. Erdkunde, 44, 313-317.
Hedberg, O., 1951: Vegetation belts of East African mountains. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr., 48, 199-210.
Hedberg, O., 1964a: The phytogeographical position of the afroalpine flora. Recent Adv. in Bot., 117, 914-919.
Hedberg, O., 1964b: Etudes ecologiques de las flore afroalpine. Bull. Soc. Royale Botan. de Belgique, 97, 5-18.
Heide, O.M., 1985: Physiological aspects of climatic adaptation in plants with special reference to high-latitude environments. In: Plant Production in the North [Kaurin, A., O. Junttila, and J. Nilsen (eds.)]. Norweg Univerity Press, Oslo, Norway, pp. 1-22.
Heide, O.M., 1989: Environmental control of flowering and viviparous proliferation in semiferous and viviparous Arctic populations of two Poa species. Arctic Alpine Res., 21, 305-315.
Heide, O.M., 1990: Dual floral induction requirements in Phleum alpinum. Ann. Bot., 66, 687-694.
Hengeveld, R., 1989: Theories on species responses to variable climates. In: Landscape-Ecological Impact of Climatic Change [Boer, M.M. and R.S. de Groot (eds.)]. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 274-293.
Heuberger, H., 1966: Gletschergeschichtliche Untersuchungen in den Zentralalpen zwischen Sellrain und Oetztal. Wiss. Alpenvereinhefte, 20, 126.
Hewitt, M., 1994: Modeled changes in snow cover in the Australian Alps under enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. In: Proc. International Symposium on Snow and Climate, Geneva, 22-23 September 1994, University of Geneva, pp.19-20.
Holten, J.I., 1995: Effects of climate change on plant diversity and distribution in the Fennoscandian mountain range. In: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems in the Alps and Fennoscandian Mountains . Annex Report to the IPCC Working Group II Second Assessment Report [Guisan, A., J. Holten, R. Spichiger, and L. Tessier (eds.)]. Publication Series of the Geneva Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (in press).
Holten, J.I., and P.D. Carey, 1992: Responses of climate change on natural terrestrial ecosystems in Norway. NINA Institute Research Report, 29, 1-59.
Holtmeier, F.-K., 1993: Timberline as indicators of climatic changes: problems and research needs. PalŠoklimaforschung/Palaeoclimatic Research, 9, 11-22.
Holtmeier, F.-K., 1994: Ecological aspects of climatically caused timberline fluctuations: review and outlook. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 220-233.
Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, J.J. Ephraums (eds.), 1990: Climate Change. The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 365 pp.
Hulme, M., T. Wigley, T. Jiang, Z. Zhao, F. Wang, Y. Ding, R. Leemans, and A. Markham, 1992: Climate Change Due to the Greenhouse Effect and Its Implications for China. World Wildlife Fund, CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland.
Huntley, B. 1991: How plants respond to climate change: migration rates, individualism and the consequences for plant communities. Annals of Botany, 67, 15-22.
Hurni, H. and P. StŠhli, 1982: Das Klima von Semien, Athiopen Vol. II Kaltzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Geographica Bernensia, 13, University of Bern, Switzerland, pp. 50-82.
Innes, J.L., 1985: Magnitude-freuency relations of debris flows in north-west Europe, Geografiska Annaler, 67A, 23-32.
IPCC, 1992: Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment [Houghton, J.T., B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 200 pp.
IUCN/CDC, 1985: Agricultural Development and Environmental Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Mission Report of Conservation for Development Centre. IUCN Publications, Gland, Switzerland.
Ives, J.D. and B. Messerli, 1989: The Himalayan Dilemma. Routledge Publishing Company, London, UK, 336 pp.
Ives, J.D., 1992: Preface, The State of the WorldÕs Mountains [Stone, P. (ed.)]. Zed Books, London, UK, pp. xiii-xvi.
JŠger, J., 1983: Climate and Energy Systems: A Review of their Interactions. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 231 pp.
Jiang, Y., 1992: The problem of global climate change and the forests in China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 28, 431-438.
Kalela, O., 1949: Changes in geographic ranges in the avifauna of Northern and Central Europe in relation to recent changes in climate. Bird-Banding, 20, 77-103.
Kates, R.W., J.H. Ausubel, and M. Berberian (eds.), 1985: Climate Impact Assessment. SCOPE 27, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 78 pp.
Kasser, P., 1993: Influence of changes in glacierized area on summer run-off in the Porte-du-Scex drainage basin of the Rh™ne. In: Symposium on the Hydrology of Glaciers. Publication No. 95, International Association Scientific Hydrology, Lausanne, pp. 221-225.
Kienast, F., 1989: Simulated effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the successional characteristics of alpine forest ecosystems. In: Landscape-Ecological Impact of Climatic Change [Boer, M.M. and R.S. de Groot (eds.)]. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 100-118.
Kienast, F., 1991: Simulated effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 and changing climate on the successional characteristics of Alpine forest ecosystems. Landscape Ecology, 5, 225-235.
Kienast, F., B. Brzeziecki, O. Wildi, 1995: Long-term adaptation potential of Central European mountain forests to climate change: a GIS-assisted risk assessment. Forest Ecol. Management (in press).
Kirchhofer, W. (ed.), 1982: Climate Atlas of Switzerland. Swiss Meteorological Institute, Zurich, Switzerland, 125 pp.
Kittel, T.G.F., 1990: Climatic variability in the shortgrass steppe. In: Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response [Greenland, D. and L.W. Swift, Jr. (eds.)]. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-65, USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Region, pp. 67-75.
Klštzli, F., 1984: Neuere Erkenntnisse zur Buchengrenze in Mitteleuropa, Fukarek, Akad. Nauka um jetn. bosne Herc., rad. 72. Odj. Prir. Mat. Nauka 21 [P. Festschr (ed.)], Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, pp. 381-395.
Klštzli, F., 1991: Longevity and stress. In: Modern Ecology: Basic and Applied Aspects [Esser, G. and D. Overdiek (eds.)]. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 97-110.
Klštzli, F., 1994: Vegetation als Spielball naturgegebener Bauherren. Phytocoenologia, 24, 667-675.
Kšrner, Ch., 1989: Response of alpine vegetation to global climate change. In: Landscape-Ecological Impact of Climatic Change [Boer, M.M. and R.S. de Groot (eds.)]. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 79-87.
Kšrner, Ch., 1989: The nutritional status of plants from high altitudes: a worldwide comparison. Oecologia, 81, 379-391.
Kšrner, Ch., 1994: Impact of atmospheric changes on high mountain vegetation. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 155-166.
Kšrner, Ch. and W. Larcher, 1988: Plant life in cold climates. In: Plants and Temperature. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., vol. 42 [Long, S.F. and F.I. Woodward (eds.)]. The Company of Biol. Ltd, Cambridge, UK, pp. 25-57.
KrŠuchi, N., 1994: Modeling Forest Succession as Influenced by a Changing Environment. Scientific Report Nr. 69 of the Swiss Federal Institute on Forest, Snow, and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, 126 pp.
Krauchi, N. and F. Kienast, 1993: Modelling subalpine forest dynamics as influenced by a changing environment. Water Air Soil Pollut., 68, 185-197.
Krenke, A.N., G.M. Nikolaeva, and A.B. Shmakin, 1991: The effects of natural and anthropogenic changes in heat and water budgets in the central Caucasus, USSR. Mountain Res. Devel., 11, 173-182.
Krippendorf, J., 1984: The capital of tourism in danger. In: The Transformation of Swiss Mountain Regions [Brugger, E.A. et al. (eds.)]. Haupt Publishers, Bern, Switzerland, pp. 427-450.
Lai, Z. and B. Ye, 1991: Evaluating the water resource impacts of climatic warming in cold alpine regions by the water balance model: modeling the Urumqi river basin. Science in China, 34, 1362-1371.
Lai, Z., 1992: Analysis of temperature-runoff relationship in the eastern section of Qilian mountain. In: Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology. Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7, Beijing, China, pp. 84-90.
LaMarche, Jr., V.C., 1973: Holocene climatic variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White Mountains, California. Quat. Res., 3, 632-660.
Lamothe, M. and D. PŽriard, 1988: Implications of climate change for downhill skiing in Quebec. In: Climate Change Digest. Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Canada, pp. 88-103.
Larcher, W., 1980: Klimastress im Gebirge ÑAdaptationstraining und Selektionsfilter fŸr Pflanzen. Rheinisch-WestfŠlische Akad. Wiss. VortrŠge, N. 291, 49-88.
Larcher, W., 1982: Typology of freezing phenomena among vascular plants and evolutionary trends in frost acclimation. In: Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress [Li, P.H. and A. Sakai (eds.)]. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 417-426.
Lauer, W., 1979: La posicion de los p‡ramos en la estructura del paisaje en los Andes tropicales. In: El Medio Ambiente P‡ramoÑActas del Seminario de MŽrida, Venezuela [Salgado-Laboriau, M.L. (ed.)]. Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 29-43.
Lauscher, F., 1977: Ergebnisse der Beobachtungen an den nordchilenischen Hochgebirgsstationen Collahuasi und Chuquicamata. In: Jahresbericht des Sonnblickvereines fŸr die Jahre 1976-1977, pp. 43-67.
Lauscher, F., 1980: Die Schwankungen der Temperatur auf dem Sonnblick seit 1887 im Vergleich zu globalen Temperaturschwankungen. In: 16 Internat.Tagung Alpine Meteorologie. Soc. Meteorol. de France, Boulogne-Billancourt, France, pp. 315-319.
Leavesley, G.H., 1994: Modeling the effects of climate change on water resourcesÑa review. In: Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Natural Resource Systems [Frederick, K.D. and N. Rosenberg (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 179-208.
LeBlanc, D.C. and J.R. Foster, 1992: Predicting effects of global warming on growth and mortality of upland oak species in the midwestern United States: a physiological based dendroecological approach. Can. J. For. Res., 22, 1739-1756.
Leemans, R., 1993: The effects of climate change on natural ecosystems in China. In: Environment and Climate Change: The Challenge for China [Ding, Y. and A. Markham (eds.)]. Meteorological Press, London, UK, pp. 219-234.
Leffler, R.J., J. Sullivan, and H.E. Warren, 1985: A weather index for international heating oil consumption. In: World Energy Markets, Stability or Cyclical Change, Proceedings of the 7th Annual North American, International Associations of Energy Economists [Thompson, W.F. and D.J. De Angelo (eds.)]. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, and London, UK, pp. 630-644.
Li, Y., J. Jiang, G. Long, and Y. Cheng, 1993: The influence of climate warming on rice production in China. In: The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture and Its Strategic Counter-measure. Beijing University Press, Beijing, China, pp. 54-l30.
Lins, H. et al., 1990: Hydrology and water resources. In: Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment [McG. Tegart, W.J., G.W. Sheldon, and D.C. Griffiths (eds.)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, Chapter 4.
Liu, C. and G. Fu, 1993: Some analyses on climate change and Chinese hydrological regime. In: Climate Change and Its Impact. Institute of Geography, CAS, Global Change Study No. l, Series Publication, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, pp. 205-214.
Liu, D. and D. Zheng, 1990: Geographical studies of the Qing-Zang plateau. In: Recent Development of Geographical Science in China [Geographical Society of China (ed.)]. Science Press, Beijing, China, pp. 214-234.
Liverman, D.M. and K.L. OÕBrien, 1991: Global warming and climate change in Mexico. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 1, 351-364.
Livingstone, D.A. and T. van der Hammen, 1978: Palaeogeography and palaeoclimatology. In: Tropical Forest Ecosystems: A State of Knowledge Report. UNESCO/UNEP/FAO, Paris, France, pp. 61-85.
Lloyd, A.H. and L.J. Graumlich, 1995: Dendroclimatic, ecological, and geomorphological evidence for long-term climatic change in the Sierra Nevada, USA. In: Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity [Dean, J.S., D.M. Meko, and T.W. Swetnam (eds.)]. University of Arizona, Tucson, AR (in press).
Lovett, J.C. and S.K. Wasser (eds.), 1993: Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forest of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Luckman, B.H., 1994: Using multiple high-resolution proxy climate records to reconstruct natural climate variability: an example from the Canadian Rockies. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 42-59.
LŸdi, W., 1938: Mikroklimatische Untersuchungen an einem Vegatationsprofil in den Alpen von Davos III. In: Bericht. Geobot Forschungsinst. RŸbel, ZŸrich, pp. 29-49.
Lundgren, L., 1980: Comparison of surface runoff and soil loss from runoff plots in forest and small scale agriculture in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. STOU-Nag., 38, University of Stockholm, Department of Physical Geography, 118 pp.
Lynch, P., G.R. McBoyle, and G. Wall, 1981: A ski season without snow. In: Canadian Climate In ReviewÑ1980 [Phillips, D.W. and G.A. McKay (eds.)]. Atmospheric Environment Service, Toronto, Canada, pp. 42-50.
Ma, S. and H. Liang, 1990: The estimating method of thermal reources and the arrangement of crop variety in the Changbai mountainous region. Mountain Research, 8, 161-166.
MacArthur, R.H., 1972: Geographical Ecology. Harper and Row, New York, NY.
MacDonald, G.M., T.W.D. Edwards, K.A. Moser, R. Pienitz, and J.P. Smol, 1993: Rapid response of treeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming. Nature, 361, 243-257.
Mackay, J.R., 1990: Seasonal growth bands in pingo ice. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 27, 1115-1125.
Mackay, J.R., 1992: Frequency of ice-wedge cracking 1967-1987 at Garry Island, Western Arctic Coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 29, 11-17.
Makhova, Y.V. and N.G. Patyk-Kara, 1961: On the history of high mountain vegetation of the Great Caucasus in the Holocene. In: Paleogeography of the Quaternary Period in the USSR [Markov, K.K. (ed.)]. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, pp. 125-130.
Margalitadze, N.A. and K.R. Kimeridze, 1985: Holocene history of the vegetation of the Upper Svanetia. In: Flora and Vegetation of Svanetia [Nakhutsrishvili, G.S. (ed.)]. Mezniereba Publishers, Tsilisi, pp. 240-260.
Marinucci, M.R. and F. Giorgi, 1992: A 2 x CO2 climate change scenario over Europe generated using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. I: Present day simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9,989-10,009.
Marinucci, M.R., F. Giorgi, M. Beniston, M. Wild, P. Tschuck, and A. Bernasconi, 1995: High resolution simulations of January and July climate over the Western Alpine region with a nested regional modeling system. Theor. and Appl. Clim. (in press).
Martin, E., 1992: Sensitivity of the French AlpsÕ snow cover to the variation of climatic parameters. Swiss Climate Abstracts, special issue, International Conference on Mountain Environments in Changing Climates, pp. 23-24.
Martin, E., 1995: ModŽlisation de la Climatologie Nivale des Alpes Franaises. Ph.D. dissertation, UniversitŽ Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, 232 pp.
Martin, E., E. Brun, and Y. Durand, 1994: Sensitivity of the French Alps snow cover to the variation of climatic variables. Annales Geophysicae (in press).
Martinec, J. and A. Rango, 1989: Effects of climate change on snow melt runoff patterns. In: Remote Sensing and Large-Scale Global Processes. Proceedings of the IAHS Third Int. Assembly, Baltimore, MD, May 1989, IAHS Publ. No. 186, pp. 31-38.
Maunder, W.J., 1986: The Uncertainty Business. Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, UK, 420 pp.
McBoyle, G.R. and G. Wall, 1987: The impact of CO2-induced warming on downhill skiing in the Laurentians. Cahiers de GŽographie de QuŽbec, 31, 39-50.
McMurtrie, R.E., H.N. Comins, M.U.F. Kirschbaum, and Y.-P. Wang, 1992: Modifying existing forest growth models to take account of effects of elevated CO2. Aust. J. Bot., 40, 657-681.
McNeely, J.A., 1990: Climate change and biological diversity: policy implications. In: Landscape-Ecological Impact of Climatic Change [Boer, M.M. and R.S. de Groot (eds.)]. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
MelÕnikova, A.P. and E.K. Bakov, 1989: To the question about degradation of glaciation in the Northern Tien Shan in Holocene. Data of Glaciological Studies, 67, 91-97.
Messerli, P., 1989: Mensch und Natur im alpinen Lebensraum: Risiken, Chancen, Perspektiven. Haupt-Verlag, Bern and Stuttgart, 86 pp.
Mikhalenko, V.N. and O.N. Solomina, 1995: Long-term trends of mass balance changes and fluctuations of base glaciers termini in the mountain region of the former USSR (FSU). Part 1, Instrumental records (IAHS). UNESCO Symposium on Glaciers Mass Balances, 14-16 September 1995, Innsbruck, Austria.
Molau, U., 1993: Relationships between flowering phenology and life history strategies in tundra plants. Arctic and Alpine Research, 25, 391-402.
Monasterio, M., 1971: La alta montaoa de America tropical. Unpublished report, Estudios Ecologicos en los Ecosistemas de P‡ramo, Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, MŽrida, Venezuela, 15 pp.
Monasterio, M., 1980a: Los p‡ramos andinos como region natural: caracteristicas biogeogr‡ficas generales y afinidades con otras regiones andinas. In: Estudios Ecologicos en los P‡ramos Andinos [Monasterio, M. (ed.)]. Ediciones de la Universidad de Los Andes, MŽrida, Venezuela, pp. 15-27.
Monasterio, M., 1980b: Poblamiento humano y uso de la tierra en los altos Andes de Venezuela. In: Estudios Ecologicos en los P‡ramos Andinos [Monasterio, M. (ed.)]. Ediciones de la Universidad de Los Andes, MŽrida, Venezuela, pp. 170-198.
Monasterio, M. and J. Celecia, 1991: El norte de los Andes tropicales: sistemas naturales y agrarios en la Cordillera de MŽrida. Coleccion Permanente El hombre y la Biosfera, UNESCO Publications, Paris.
Monasterio, M. and S. Reyes, 1980: Diversidad ambiental y variacion de la vegetacion en los P‡ramos de los Andes venezolanos. In: Estudios Ecologicos en los P‡ramos Andinos [Monasterio, M. (ed.)]. Ediciones de la Universidad de Los Andes, MŽrida, Venezuela, pp. 47-91.
Monasterio, M. (ed.), 1980: Estudios Ecologicos en los Paramos Andinos. Ediciones de la Universidad de los Andes, MŽrida, Venezuela, 312 pp.
Musselman, R.C. (ed.), 1994: The Glacier Lakes Ecosystems Experiment Site. USDA General Technical Report RM-249, Fort Collins, CO, 94 pp.
Nash, L.L. and P.H. Gleick, 1991: Sensitivity of streamflow in the Colorado Basin to climatic changes. Hydrology, 125, 221-241.
Nekrasov, I.A., E.V. Maksimov, and I.V. Klimovskii, 1973: The last glaciation and the cryolithozone of the Southern Verchojanje. Knizhnoje IydatelÕstvo, Jakutsk, 151 pp.
New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, 1990: Climatic Change, a Review of Impacts on New Zealand. DSIR Publishing, Wellington, New Zealand.
Nikolov, N.T. and D.G. Fox, 1994: A coupled carbon-water-energy-vegetation model to assess responses of temperate forest ecosystems to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Part I, Model concept. Environ. Pollut., 83, 251-262.
Noble, I.R., 1993: A model of the responses of ecotones to climate change. Ecol. Applic., 3, 396-414.
Noverraz, F. and C. Bonnard, 1990: Mapping methodology of landslides and rockfalls in Switzerland. In: Proc. Sixth International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides, Milan, Italy, pp. 43Ð53.
Noverraz, F. and C. Bonnard, 1992: Le glissement rapide de la Chenanta. In: Proc. INTERPRAEVENT Symposium, vol. 2. Swiss Hydrological Service Publication, Bern, Switzerland, pp. 65-76.
Obrebska-Starkel, B., 1990: Recent studies on Carpathian meteorology and climatology. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 79-88.
Oerlemans, J. (ed.), 1989: Glacier Fluctuations and Climate Change. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Okishev, P.A., 1982: Altay Glaciers Dynamics in the last Pleistocene and Holocene. Tomsk University Press, Tomsk, USSR, 210 pp.
Onipchenko, V.G., 1994: Study area and general description of the investigated communities. In: Experimental Investigation of Alpine Plant Communities in the Northwestern Caucasus [Onipchenko, V.G. and M.S. Blinnikov (eds.)]. Veršffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der ETH, Stiftung RŸbel, ZŸrich, Switzerland, vol. 115, pp. 6-22.
OTA, 1993: Preparing for an Uncertain Climate, vols. I and II. OTA-O-567 and 568, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Overpeck, J.T., P.J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III, 1991: Potential magnitude of future vegetation change in eastern North America: comparisons with the past. Science, 254, 692-699.
Ozenda, P., 1985: La VŽgŽtation de la Chaine Alpine dans lÕEspace Montagnard EuropŽen. Masson, Paris, France, 344 pp.
Ozenda, P. and J.-L. Borel, 1989: The possible responses of vegetation to a global climatic change. Scenarios for Western Europe, with special reference to the Alps. In: Landscape-Ecological Impact of Climatic Change [Boer, M.M. and R.S. de Groot (eds.)]. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 221-249.
Ozenda, P. and J.-L. Borel, 1991: Les ConsŽquences Ecologiques Possibles des Changements Climatiques dans lÕArc Alpin. Rapport Futural No. 1, International Centre for Alpine Environment (ICALP), Le Bourget-du-lac, France, 14 pp.
Parry, M.L., 1978: Climatic Change, Agriculture and Settlement. Dawson, Folkestone, UK, 214 pp.
Parry, M.L. et al., 1990: Agriculture and forestry. In: Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment [McG. Tegart, W.J., G.W. Sheldon, and D.C. Griffiths (eds.)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, Chapter 2.
Parry, M.L. et al., 1992: The Potential Socio-Economic Effects of Climate Change in South-east Asia. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
Peet, R.K., 1978: Latitudinal variation in southern Rocky Mountain forests. J. Biogeography, 5, 275-289.
Peine, J.D. and D.G. Fox, 1995: Wilderness environmental monitoring: assessment and atmospheric effects. In: The Status of Wilderness Research [Cordell, K. (ed.)]. General Technical Report, GTR-SE-332, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, 91 pp.
Peine, J.D. and C.J. Martinka, 1992: Effects of climate change on mountain protected areasÑimplications for management. In: Proc. IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, Venezuela, 10-21 February 1992.
Peine, J.D. and C.J. Martinka, 1994: Impacts of climate change on mountain protected areas: implication for management. In: The Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystems and Species: Implications for Protected Areas [Pernetta, J., R. Leemans, D. Elder, and S. Humphrey (eds.)]. IUCN Report, Gland, Switzerland.
Perry, A.H., 1971: Climatic influences on the Scottish ski industry. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 87, 197-201.
Peters, R.L. and J.D.S. Darling, 1985: The greenhouse effect and nature reserves: global warming would diminish biological diversity by causing extinctions among reserve species. Bioscience, 35, 707-717.
Peterson, D.L., 1993: Global environmental change in mountain protected areas: consequences for management. In: Parks, Peaks and People [Hamilton, L.S., D.P. Bauer, and H.F. Takeuchi (eds.)]. East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, pp. 29-36.
Peterson, D.L., 1994: Recent changes in the growth and establishment of subalpine conifers in Western North America. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 234-243.
Peterson, D.L., M.J. Arbaugh, L.J. Robinson, and B.R. Derderian, 1990: Growth trends of whitebark pine and lodgepole pine in a subalpine Sierra Nevada forest, California, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22, 233-243.
Peterson, E.B., 1969: Radiosonde data for characterizing a mountain environment in British Columbia. Ecology, 50, 200-205.
Pfister, C., 1985a: Klimageschichte der Schweiz 1525-1860, vol. 1. Academia Helvetica, P. Haupt, Bern, Switzerland, 154 pp.
Pfister, C., 1985b: Snow cover, snow lines and glaciers in Central Europe since the 16th century. In: The Climatic Scene [Tooley, M.J. and G.M. Sheail (eds.)]. Allen and Unwin, London, UK, pp. 164-74.
Pla Sentis, I., 1988: Dessarrollo de Indices y Modelos Para el Diagnostico y Prevencion de al Degradacion de Suelos Agricolas en Venezuela. Publicacion Banco Consolidado, Caracas, Venezuela.
PNUMA, 1990: Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente en America Latina y el Caribe: Una Vision Evolutiva. Espania, Madrid, Spain.
Prentice, I.C., P.J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III, 1991: Vegetation and climate change in Eastern North America since the last glacial maximum. Ecology, 72, 2038-2052.
Price, M.F., 1990: Temperate mountain forests: common-pool resources with changing, multiple outputs for changing communities. Natural Resources Journal, 30, 685-707.
Price, M.F., 1992: Patterns of the development of tourism in mountain environments. GeoJournal, 27, 87-96.
Price, M.F., 1993: Patterns of the development of tourism in mountain communities. In: Mountains at Risk: Current Issues in Environmental Studies [Allan, N.J.R. (ed.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Price, M.F., 1994: Should mountain communities be concerned about climate change? In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climates [Beniston, M. (ed.)]. Routledge Publishing Company, London and New York, pp. 431-451.
Quezel, P. and M. Barbero, 1990: Les forts mŽditerranŽennes: problmes posŽs par leur signification historique, Žcologique et leur conservation. Acta Botanica Malacitana, 15, 145-178.
Quezel, P. and J. Schevok, 1981: Essai de mise en place de la zonation altitudinale des structures forestires. Ecologia Medit., 8, 389-410.
Rada, F., G. Goldstein, A. Azocar, and F. Torres, 1987: Supercooling along an altitudinal gradient in Espeletia schultzii, a caulescent giant rosette species. J. Exper. Botany, 38, 491-497.
Rameau, J.C., D. Mansion, G. DumŽ, A. Lecointe, J. Timbal, P. Dupont, and R. Keller, 1993: Flore Forestire Franaise, Guide Ecologique IllustrŽ. Lavoisier TEC and DOC Diffusion, Paris, France, 2419 pp.
Rapp, A., 1960: Recent developments on mountain slopes in KŠrkevagge and surroundings. Geografiska Annaler, 42, 1-158.
Richter, L.K., 1989: The Politics of Tourism in Asia. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.
Riebsame, W.E., 1989: Assessing the Social Implications of Climate Fluctuations. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
Rizzo, B. and E. Wiken, 1992: Assessing the sensitivity of CanadaÕs ecosystems to climatic change. Climatic Change, 21, 37-54.
Roberts, L., 1989: How fast can trees migrate? Science, 243, 735-736.
Robin, G. de Q., 1983: The Climatic Record in Polar Ice Sheets. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 212 pp.
Robock, A., R. Turco, M. Harwell, T.P. Ackerman, R. Andressen, H.-S. Chang, and M.V.K. Sivakumar, 1993: Use of general circultaion model output in the creation of climate change scenarios for impact analysis. Climatic Change, 23, 293-335.
Romme, W.H. and M.G. Turner, 1991: Implications of global climate change for biogeographic patterns in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Conserv. Biol., 5, 373-386.
Rongers, W.A., 1975: Past Wangindo settlements in the Eastern Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Notes and Records, 77/78, 21-26.
Rongers, W.A., 1993: The conservation of forest resources of Eastern Africa: past influences, present practices and future needs. In: Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa [Lovett, J.C. and S.K Wasser (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Rupke, J. and M.M. Boer (eds.), 1989: Landscape Ecological Impact of Climatic Change on Alpine Regions, with Emphasis on the Alps. Discussion report prepared for European conference on landscape ecological impact of climatic change, Agricultural University of Wageningen and Universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam, Wageningen, Utrecht and Amsterdam, Netherlands.
S¾lthun, N.R., 1992: Modeling hydrological effects of climate change. In: Climate Change and Evapotranspiration Modelling [Tallaksen, L. and K.A. Hassel (eds.)]. NHP Report No. 31, The Nordic Coordinating Committee for Hydrology, Oslo, Norway, pp. 73-80.
Salgado-Laboriau, M.L., 1979: Cambios clim‡ticos durante el cuaternario tardio paramero y su correlaci—n con las tierras tropicales calientes. In: El Medio Ambiente de P‡ramo [Salgado-Laboriau, M.L. (ed.)]. Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 67-78.
Salgado-Laboriau, M.L., 1984: Late quaternary palynologic studies in the venezuelan Andes. In: Natural Environment and Man in Tropical Mountain Ecosystems [Lauer, W. (ed.)]. Erdwissenschattliche Forschung XVIII, Friantz Steiner Verlag, Wiessbaden, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 279-294.
Salgado-Laboriau, M.L. and C. Schubert, 1976: Palynology of holocene peat bogs from the central venezuelan Andes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 19, 147-156.
Salgado-Laboriau, M.L. and C. Schubert, 1977: Pollen analysis of a peat bog from Laguna Victoria (Venezuelan Andes). Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 28, 328-332.
Salgado-Laboriau, M.L., C. Schubert, and S. Valastro, 1977: Palaeocologic analysis of a late quaternary terrace from Mucubaji, Venezuelan Andes. J. Biogeog., 4, 313-325.
Salinger, M.J., J.M. Williams, and W.M. Williams, 1989: CO2 and Climate Change: Impacts on Agriculture. New Zealand Meteorological Service, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sarmiento, G., 1986a: Ecologically crucial features of climate in high tropical mountains. In: High Altitude Tropical Biogeography [Vuilleumier, F. and M. Monasterio (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Sarmiento, G., 1986b: Los principales gradientes eco-clim‡ticos en los andes tropicales. In: Ecologia de Tierras Altas (Simposio) [Forero, E., G. Sarmiento, and C. La Rotta (eds.)]. Anales del IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Bot‡nica, Mededllin, Colombia, pp. 47-64.
Schubert, C., 1974: Late pleistocene MŽrida glaciation, Venezuelan Andes. Boreas, 3, 147-152.
Schubert, C., 1992: The glaciers of the Sierra Nevada de MŽrida (Venezuela): a photographic comparison of recent deglaciation. Erdkunde, 46, 58-63.
Schweingruber, F.H., 1988: A new dendroclimatic network for Western North America. Dendrochronologia, 6, 171-180.
Senarclens-Grancy, W., 1958: Zur Glacialgeologie der Oetztales und seine Umgebung. Mittl. Geol. Ges. Wien, 49, 257-314.
Serebryanny, L.R., N.A. Golodkovskaya, and A.V. Orlov, 1984: Glacier Fluctuations and the Processes of Moraine Accumulation in Central Caucasus. Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 216 pp.
Shi, Y., 1990: Glacier recession and lake shrinkage indicating the climatic warming and drying trend in Central Asia. Acta Geographica Sinica, 45, 1-13.
Shugart, H.H., 1984: A Theory of Forest Dynamics. The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 278 pp.
Skre, O., 1993: Growth of mountain birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in response to changing temperature. In: Forest Development in Cold Climates [Alden, J., L. Mastrantonio, and S. ¯dum (eds.)]. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 65-78.
Slatyer, R.O., 1989: Alpine and valley bottom treelines. In: The Scientific Significance of the Australian Alps [Good, R. (ed.)]. Australian Alps Liaison Committee/Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia, pp. 169-184.
Slatyer, R.O., P.M. Cochrane, and R.W. Galloway, 1984: Duration and extent of snow cover in the Snowy Mountains and a comparison with Switzerland. Search, 15, 327-331.
Slaymaker, O., 1990: Climate change and erosion processes in mountain regions of Western Canada. Mountain Research and Development, 10, 171-182.
Smith, A.P., 1981: Population dynamics of Venezuelan Espeletia. Smithsonian Contributions in Botany, 48, 1-45.
Smith, R.B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics, 21, 87-230.
Smith, R.B., 1986: Current status of ALPEX research in the United States. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 67, 310-318.
Snaydon, R.W. and M.S. Davies, 1972: Rapid population differenciation in a mosaic environment. II. Morphological variation in Anthoxantum odoratum. Evolution, 26, 390-405.
Snow, J.W., 1976: The climate of Northern South America. In: World Survey of Climatology: Climates of Central and South America, vol. 12 [Schwerdtfeger, W. (ed.)]. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 295-403.
Solhaug, K.A., 1991: Long day stimulation of dry matter production in Poa alpina along a latitudinal gradient in Norway. Holarct. Ecol., 14, 161-168.
Solomina, O.N., 1995: Equilibrium line altitude shift in the Little Ice Age of the Former Soviet Union mountain glaciers. Data of Glaciological Studies (in press).
Solomina, O.N., O.A. Pomortsev, and M.N. Heifets, 1992: Fluctuations of humidity during the last 300 years revealed by dendrochronology. Water Resources, 4, 79-84.
Solomon, A.M., 1986: Transient response of forests to CO2-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia, 68, 567-582.
Steinhauser, F., 1970: Die sŠkularen €nderungen der SchneedeckenverhŠltnisse in Oesterreich. 66-67 Jahresbericht des Sonnblick-Vereines, 1970-1971, Vienna, pp. 1-19.
Street, R.B. and P.I. Melnikov, 1990: Seasonal snow, cover, ice and permafrost. In: Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment [McG. Tegart, W.J., G.W. Sheldon, and D.C. Griffiths (eds.)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, Chapter 7.
Street-Perrott, M., 1994: Paleo-perspectives: changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio, 22, 37-43.
Surova, T.G., L.S. Troitskii, and Ya.-M.K. Punning, 1992: Palaeogeography and absolute chronology of Holocene of polar Urals. Proceedings of Academy of Sciences of Estonia, 24, 79-84.
Tessier, L., J.-L. de Beaulieu, M. Couteaux, J.-L. Edouard, Ph. Ponel, Ch. Rolando, M. Thinon, A. Thomas, and K. Tobolski, 1993: Holocene palaeoenvironments at the timberline in the French AlpsÑa multidisciplinary approach. Boreas, 22, 244-254.
Thinon, M., 1992: LÕAnalyse PŽdoanthracologique. Aspects MŽthodologiques et Applications. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Aix-Marseille III, France, 317 pp.
Thornwaite, C.W., 1954: Topoclimatology. In: Proceedings of the Toronto Meteorological Conference. Roy. Met. Soc., London, UK, pp. 227-232.
Troll, C., 1968: The cordilleras of the tropical Americas. Aspects of climatic, phytogeographical and agrarian ecology. In: Geoecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas [Troll, C. (ed.)]. Ferd. DŸmmlers Verlag, Bonn, Germany, pp. 15-56.
UNCTED, 1992: Statement on mountains. In: Earth Summit. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, Chapter 13.
Van der Hammen, T., 1974: The pleistocene changes of vegetation and climate in tropical South America. J. of Biogeography, 1, 3-26.
Van der Hammen, T., 1984: Datos eco-clim‡ticos de la transecta Buritaca y alrededores (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). In: La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), Transecta Buritaca-La Cumbre [Van der Hammen, T. and P. Ruiz (eds.)]. J. Cramer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 45-66.
Velitshko, A.A. and I.M. Lebedeva, 1974: The attempt of palaeoglaciological reconstruction for the Eastern Pamirs. Data of Glaciological Studies, 23, 109-117.
Vonder MŸhll, D. and P. Holub, 1992: Borehole logging in Alpine permafrost, Upper Engadine, Swiss Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 3, 125-132.
Wagner, M.R., 1990: Individual tree physiological responses to global climate scenarios: a conceptual model of effects on forest insect outbreaks. In: Proceedings of the 1990 Society of American Foresters National Convention, Washington, DC, pp. 148-153.
Wang, M., G. Zhu, Z. He, and S. Zheng, 1988: The mountain systems in China. Mountain Research, 4, 67-74.
Wang, M., G. Zhu, Z. He, and S. Zheng, 1986: Mountains in China. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China.
Wang, Z., 1993; The glacier variation and influence since little ice age and future trends in northwest region, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 13, 97-104.
Warren, H.E. and S.K. LeDuc, 1981: Impact of climate on energy sector in economic analysis. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 20, 1431-1439.
Webb III, T., J.E. Kutzbach, and F.A. Street-Perrot, 1985: 20,000 years of global climate change: paleoclimatic research plan. In: Global Change [Malone, T.F. and J.G. Roederer, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 182-218.
Webb III, T., P.J. Bartlein, S.P. Harrison, and K.H. Anderson, 1993: Vegetation, lake levels and climate in eastern North America for the last 18,000 years. In: Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum [Wright, H.E., J.E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W.F. Ruddiman, F.A. Street-Perrott, and P.J. Bartlein (eds.)]. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 415-467.
Weingarten, B., R.F. Yuretich, R.S. Bradley, and M.L. Salgado-Laboriau, 1990: Characteristics of sediments in an altitudinal sequence of lakes in the Venezuelan Andes: climatic implications. J. of South American Earth Sciences, 3, 113-124.
WGMS, 1993: Glacier Mass Balance, Bulletin No. 2 [Haeberli, W., E. Herren, and M. Hoelzle (eds.)]. World Glacier Monitoring Service, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 74 pp.
Whetton, P.H., 1994: Climate change and snow-cover duration in the Australian Alps. In: Proc. International Symposium on Snow and Climate, Geneva, September 22-23, 1994, University of Geneva, pp. 30-31.
White, F., 1983: The Vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris, France, 356 pp.
Williams, R.J., 1987: Patterns of air temperature and accumulation of snow in subalpine heathland and grassland communities on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology, 12, 153-163.
Williams, R.J., 1990: Growth of subalpine snowgrass and shrubs following a rare occurrence of frost and drought in south-eastern Australia. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22, 412-422.
Williams, R.J. and A.B. Costin, 1994: Alpine and subalpine vegetation. In: Australian Vegetation [Groves, R.H. (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, Australia, 2nd ed., pp. 467-500.
Williams, M., G. Ingersoll, R. Sommerfeld, and D. Cline, 1992: High resolution measurements of snow covered area and snow water equivalence in the Colorado Front Range. In: Program and Abstracts: Rocky Mountain Hydrological Research Center 47th Annual Meeting, 1992, August 15, Allenspark, CO. Environmental Studies in Colorado and Wyoming, Fort Collins, CO, p. 5.
Wimbush, D.J. and A.B. Costin, 1983: Trends in drainage characteristics in the subalpine zone at Kosciusko. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 12, 143-154.
Witmer, U., P. Filliger, S. Kunz, and P. Kung, 1986: Erfassung, Bearbeitung und Kartiering von Schneedaten in der Schweiz, Geographica Bernensia G25. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 215 pp.
Wood, F.B., 1990: Monitoring global climate change: the case of greenhouse warming. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 42-52.
Woodward, F.I., T.M. Smith, and W.R. Emanuel, 1995: A global primary productivity and phytogeography model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (submitted).
Wright, H.E., J.E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W.F. Ruddiman, F.A. Street-Perrott, and P.J. Bartlein (eds.), 1993: Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
Yang, Z., 1992: Glacier water resources and effect of glacial water in stream runoff in the Qilian Mountains. In: Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology. Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7, Beijing, China, pp. 10-20.
Yao, T. and Y. Shi, 1990: Fluctuations and future trends of climate, glaciers and discharge of the Urumqi river in Xinjiang. Science in China, 33, 504-512.
Ye, B. and Z. Lai, 1992: Responses of glaciers to climate change. Kexue Tongbao, 37, 1794-1797.
Yoshino, M., 1975: Climate in a Small Area. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, 549 pp.
Yoshino, M., H. Makita, K. Kai, M. Kobayashi, and Y. Ono, 1980: Bibliography on mountain geoecology in Japan, climatological notes. Tsukuba, 25, 1-111.
Yoshino, M., T. Horie, H. Seino, H. Tsujii, T. Uchijima, and Z. Uchijima, 1988: The effects of climatic variations on agriculture in Japan. In: The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture. Vol. 1, Assessments in Cool Temperature and Cold Regions [Parry, M.L., T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn (eds)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 723-868.
Zhang, X., 1992: Climatic series derived from glaciers. In: Climatic Change and Its Impact in China [Li, K. (ed.)]. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China, pp. 103-139.
Zhang, Y. and J. Song, 1993: The potential impact of climate change on the vegetation in Northeast China. In: Climate Change and Its Impact. Institute of Geography, CAS, Global Change Study No. l, Series Publication, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, pp. 194-203.
Zhang, Y. and L. Liu, 1993: The potential impact of climate change on vegetation distribution in Northwest China. In: Climate Change and Its Impact. Institute of Geography, CAS, Global Change Study No. l, Series Publication, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, pp. 178-193.
Zhao, M., 1993: Impact of climate change on physical zones of China. In: Climate Change and Its Impact. Institute of Geography, CAS, Global Change Study No. l, Series Publication, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, pp. 168-177.
Zhao, S., 1983: Physical feature of ChinaÕs mountain environment and economic problem of its uti1ization. Mountain Research, 1, 1-9.